Daim ntawv qhia no yog hais txog koj cov cai raws li yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus hauv kev kawm nyob rau tsev kawm qib siab. Yog tias koj yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm uas tseem ho ua haujlwm hauv koj lub tsev kawm tam li yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm thiab, ces koj muaj cai ntxiv raws li cov kev cai lij choj hais txog kev ntiav haujlwm hauv xeev thiab hauv tsoomfwv tebchaws. Koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog koj cov cai raws li yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm uas muaj kev tsis taus los ntawm tshooj hais txog Cov Kev Pab Fab Kev Ntiav Haujlwm ntawm peb lub vev xaib.

I. Lub ntsiab luv luv ntawm cov cai ntawm neeg muaj kev tsis taus hauv kev kawm qib siab

Raws li txoj cai lij choj hauv tsoom fwv tebchaws thiab hauv xeev, cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus muaj txoj cai nkag rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab sib npaug zos li lwm cov tub ntxhais kawm. “Hauv kev sib npaug” txhais tau hais tias lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem cais koj tawm ntawm nws cov phiaj xwm pabcuam, cov kev pabcuam, lossis cov dejnum vim koj qhov kev tsis taus. Txoj cai ntawm cov hauv kev sib npaug yuav muab coj los siv dav dav. Tsis yog tsuas muaj hauv kev nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm cov phiaj xwm pabcuam kev kawm nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj nyob rau lub tsev kawm cov phiaj xwm pabcuam txog kev ua si, cov kev pabcuam tub ntxhais kawm, kev thauj mus los hauv vaj loog tsev kawm, vaj tsev ntawm tub ntxhais kawm, kev sab laj, thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam. Lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem cais cov menyuam kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus tawm ntawm lwm tus tub ntxhais kawm. Lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus tuaj kawm hauv lub tsev kawm. Ib yam li ntawd, ib lub tsev kawm twg tsis tuaj yeem siv tus cai qauv txais nkag lossis lwm cov kev cai uas xaiv cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus tawm mus. Lub tsev kawm yuav tsum tso cai rau koj nqa koj cov tsiaj pabcuam nrog koj mus rau hauv vaj loog tsev kawm. Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov tsiaj pabcuam thiab tsiaj txhawb nqa raws cuj siab, ces mus saib peb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Cov Tsiaj Muab Kev Pab. 

Lub tsev kawm yuav tsum siv cov kauj ruam los xyuas kom meej tias lawv txoj haujlwm pabcuam tag nrho tuaj yeem muaj kev nkag mus tau rau cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus. Qhov no xam muaj kev ua kom paub meej hais tias lub tsev kawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov chaw siv ua tau raws li cov kev cai hais txog kev nkag mus tau yooj yim raws kev tsim qauv. Tej zaum yuav muaj cov xwm txheej uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tau cov teeb meem fab kev tsim qauv hauv ib lub tuam tsev twg. Yog zoo li ntawd, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum hloov kho nws cov cai tswj thiab cov kev coj ua kom ntseeg tau hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus tseem muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub tsev kawm cov kev pabcuam, cov haujlwm pabcuam, thiab cov dejnum ua si. Piv txwv hais tias yog tias tus tub ntxhais kawm uas siv ib lub rooj zaum muaj log tso npe nkag kawm rau hauv ib chav kawm uas nyob rau hauv ib lub tuam tsev uas nkag mus tsis tau, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum hloov chav kawm no mus rau ib lub tuam tsev uas tus tub ntxhais kawm no nkag tau mus rau.

Cov tsev kawm yuav tsum tsim kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog rau cov cai tswj, cov kev coj ua, thiab cov txheej txheem thaum tsim nyog txhawm rau muab kev nkag tau sib npaug rau ib tug tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus. Kev hloov kho yog ib qhov hloov pauv, kev zam, lossis kev hloov kho rau ib txoj cai lossis ib qhov kev coj ua twg. Peb tham txog cov kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog kom txhij txhua ntxiv nyob rau tshooj tom ntej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia no. 

Muaj ntau txoj cai lij choj hauv xeev thiab tseem fwv tebchaws uas tiv thaiv cov cai ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus hauv kev kawm qib siab. Cov cai lij choj tshwj xeeb uas siv rau koj lub tsev kawm yuav nce rau qhov hais tias seb lub tsev kawm yog tsev kawm ntiag tug log yog tsev kawm ntawm tsoom fwv thiab seb nws puas tau txais nyiaj los ntawm tsoom fwv. It is very rare for a school to be exempt from all disability rights laws. Feem ntau ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm yuav tsum tau ua raws yam tsawg kawg kiag yog ib txoj cai twg ntawm cov kev cai lij choj tiv thaiv kev ntxub cais hauv qab no:

1. Tsab Cai Hais Txog Pejxeem Meskas Uas Muaj Kev Tsis Taus (ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act) yog tsoom fwv txoj cai lij choj txwv tsis pub muaj kev ntxub cais rau cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus hauv ntau yam hauv lub neej, uas xam muaj kev kawm qib siab nyob rau haud. Tsab cai ADA raug tsim los ntawm ntau tshooj sib txawv, uas muab hu ua “nqe.” Nqe II ntawm ADA siv rau co koom haum hauv lub xeev thiab hauv tsoom fwv cheeb tsam ze, uas xam muaj cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm theem kawg ntawm tsoom fwv. Nqe III ntawm ADA siv rau “cov kev pab rau pej xeem.” Cov kev pab rau pej xeem yog cov koom haum ntiag tug uas tsim kom muaj lawv cov kev pabcuam rau cov pej xeem sawv daws. Nqe III ntawm ADA hais tias “ib lub chaw zov menyuam, tsev kawm theem pib, tsev kawm theem nrab, tsev kawm theem kawg, lossis dhau tsev kawm theem kawg uas yog tsev kawm ntiag tug, lossis lwm qhov chaw kawm ntawv” yog ib qhov kev pab rau pej xeem.
2. Tshooj 504 ntawm Tsab Cai Hais Txog Kev Kho Kom Zoo Rov Los (Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act) yog ib txoj kev cai lij choj uas txwv tsis pub cov koom haum uas tau txais nyiaj peev ntawm tsoom fwv tebchaws ntxub cais cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus. Hais ua lwm lo lus, yog tias ib lub tsev kawm twg tau txais nyiaj los ntawm tsoom fwv tebchaws (uas xam muaj cov nyiaj qiv rau tub ntxhais kawm ntawm tsoom fwv tebchaws), tsis tuaj yeem yuav ntxub cais cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus.
3. Tsab Cai Hais Txog Cov Cai Ntawm Pej Xeem Unruh (Unruh Civil Rights Act) yog ib txoj cai lij choj hauv xeev California uas tiv thaiv cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus kom tsis pub muaj kev ntxub cais los ntawm “kev tsim tsa lag luam.”
4. Tsab Cai Hais Txog Neeg Tsis Taus (Disabled Persons Act) yog ib txoj cai lij choj hauv xeev California uas tiv thaiv cov cai ntawm cov neeg tsis taus kom muaj cai nkag rau cov tuam tsev uas siv rau pej xeem saw daws, cov chaw siv rau sawv daws, thiab lwm yam chaw.
5. Txoj Cai Tsoom Fwv Tshooj 11135 (Government Code Section 11135) yog ib txoj cai lij choj hauv xeev California uas txwv kev ntxub cais los ntawm cov chaw ua lag luam thiab cov koom haum ntawm tsoom fwv uas tau txais nyiaj peev ntawm lub xeev. 

Tseem muaj lwm cov kev cai lij choj ntxiv uas yuav siv tau rau koj lub tsev kawm raws li nws hom tsev kawm thiab. Piv txwv li, muaj cov cai hais txog kev ntxub cais uas siv tshwj xeeb rau cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv zej zog nyob rau xeev California.

II. Tej Kev Hloov Kho Raws Qhov Tsim Nyog 

Kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog yog dab tsi? 

Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem muaj ntau tshaj plaws uas cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus ntsib yog qhov kev xav tau rau kev hloov kho (tseem hu ua kev pab ua kom yooj yim lossis kev hloov kho fab kev kawm). Kev hloov kho yog ib qho kev hloov pauv rau ib txoj cai twg, ib txoj cai tswj twg, lossis kev coj ua uas tsim nyog los muab tus neeg muaj kev tsis taus muaj hauv kev sib npaug rau ib qhov kev pabcuam twg, ib lub phiaj xwm pabcuam twg, lossis ib qhov chaw twg. Cov tsev kawm yuav tsum muaj kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog tshwj hais tias nws yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog nyiaj txiag thiab nyiaj tshooj ntxiv fab kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev kawm; hloov qhov kev pab cuam, qhov phiaj xwm pabcuam, lossis qhov dejnum ntawm lub hauv paus; los yog ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv lossis kev nyab xeeb ntawm lwm tus. Peb tham txog txhua cov kev zam no kom ntxaws dua nyob rau hauv qab no.

Raws li txoj cai lij choj, nws yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm los must sim qhov kev thov xub thawj rau ib qho kev hloov kho twg. Qhov no txawv kev kawm qib K-12. Hauv tsev kawm theem pib thiab theem nrab, muaj cov kev cai lij choj uas xav kom lub tsev kawm uas yuav tau txheeb xyuas cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus thiab muab kev pabcuam thiab kev txhawb nqa yam rau siab ntso los pab ua kom lawv ua tiav yam lawv xav tau. Tab sis cov cai lij choj no tsis siv rau kev kawm qib siab. Hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm theem kawg, tus tub ntxhais kawm uas xav tau kev hloov kho yuav tsum tsim thawj kauj ruam los ntawm kev thov mus rau lub tsev kawm. Qhov no yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv txoj cai ntiag tug thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm. Ib lub tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm theem kawg twg tsis tuaj yeem yuam kom tus tub ntxhais kawm nthuav tawm hais tias lawv muaj kev tsis taus. Lawv kuj teem tsis tuaj yeem yuam tus tub ntxhais kawm lees txais qhov kev hloov kho uas lawv tsis xav tau lossis tsis tsim nyog muaj. 

Kev hloov kho yuav tsum tau ua raws li tus kheej xav tau ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm uas thov txog lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam kev hloov kho uas muaj tas li uas koj lub tsev kawm twb paub zoo thiab tau muaj kev npaj txhij lawm. Qee yam kev hloov kho uas muaj tas li yog: txuas sij hawm rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev xeem ntawv; sijhawm ntxiv txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov haujlwm uas cob rau ua; cuab yeej sau ntawv cim cia hauv chav kawm; phau ntawv kawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv lwm tus qauv xws li Braille; cov kev tsis tuaj kawm ntawv uas muaj kev zam rau cov kev tsim nyog fab kev kho mob; thiab kev sau npe nkag raws qib tseem ceeb. Nco ntsoov tias qee qhov ntawm cov "kev hloov kho" no yog cov kev pab txhawb ntxiv raws qhov tseeb thiab cov kev pabcuam raws li ADA, tab sis cov tsev kawm feem ntau siv lo lus "kev hloov kho" los qhia dav dav rau txhua qhov kev pabcuam uas cuam tshuam txog kev tsis taus. Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv txog koj txoj cai rau kev pab txhawb ntxiv thiab cov kev pabcuam, saib hauv Tebchaws Meskas lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees (Department of Justice) qhov kev coj qhia txog kev pab fab kev kws, “Cov Kev Tseev Kom Muaj Ntawm ADA – Kev Sib Txuas Lus Zoo,” Ib Hlis tim 31, 2014.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj thov tau ib qhov kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog

Nov yog cov kauj ruam uas koj yuav tsum tau ua raws kom tau txais kev hloov kho los ntawm koj lub tsev kawm: 

Kauj ruam 1: Tsim kev thov

Koj qhov kev thov hloov kho yuav tsum piav qhia qhov koj xav tau los ntawm lub tsev kawm thiab vim li cas nws thiaj li tsim nyog rau koj qhov kev tsis taus. Koj tsis tas yuav muab kev kuaj mob rau lub tsev kawm, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog kev sib txuas (“kev sib txuas”) li ntawm qhov kev hloov kho uas koj tab tom thov txog thiab koj qhov kev tsim nyog muaj uas cuam tshuam txog kev tsis taus. Koj tuaj yeem tsim koj qhov kev thov ua lus hais lossis ua kev sau ntawv, tab sis feem ntau qhov zoo tshaj mas yuav tau tsim kev thov raws kev sau ntawv txhawm kom koj muaj pov thawj ntawm koj qhov kev thov.

Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm muaj ib qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv vaj loog tsev kawm uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb rau kev muab kev pabcuam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus. Cov chaw ua haujlwm no feem ntau hu ua "Cov Kev Pabcuam Txog Kev Tsis Taus Ntawm Tub Ntxhais Kawm (Student Disability Services)" lossis qee yam uas zoo sib xws. Tej zaum lub chaw ua haujlwm yuav hais kom koj ua kom tiav qhov kev xam phaj nkag thiab siv ib daim foos twg los mus thov koj qhov kev hloov kho. Txoj cai lij choj tsis xav kom koj tso npe rau hauv lub chaw ua haujlwm lossis siv ib daim foos twg, tab sis tej zaum lub tsev kawm kuj yuav lis tau koj qhov kev thov tau zoo dua yog tias koj siv lawv cov txheej txheem thov. Yog tias koj lub tsev kawm tsis muaj chaw ua haujlwm rau kev pabcuam txog kev tsis taus, ces nug tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Tub Ntxhais Kawm lossis lwm tus neeg tswj xyuas seb yuav xa koj qhov kev thov tau li cas. 

Kauj ruam 2: Nkag rau tus txheej txheem sib fim

Yog tias qhov kev hloov kho uas koj tau thov yog rau qee yam uas koj tsim nyog muaj tiag tiag thiab ua tau yooj yim, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum tso cai rau koj qhov kev thov tam sim ntawd. Yog tias tsis yog li ntawd, ces tej zaum koj yuav tau nkag rau tus txheej txheem sib fim nrog koj lub tsev kawm. Tus txheej txheem sib fim yog kev sib tham mus mus los los li ntawm koj thiab koj lub tsev kawm txhawm rau nrhiav ib qhov kev hloov kho uas haum rau koj thiab koj lub tsev kawm.

Yog tias koj qhov kev tsis taus lossis koj qhov kev tsim nyog muaj kev hloov kho yog yam uas tsis paub lossis tsis paub tseeb, lub tsev kawm yuav hais kom koj muab xov xwm lossis ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txhawm rau txhawb koj qhov kev thov. Lub tsev kawm yuav tsum qhia rau koj hais tias lawv xav tau cov xov xwm dab tsi tiag. Lub tsev kawm yuav tsum tsis txhob tseev kom muaj tsab ntawv ntawm tus kws kho mob lossis lwm cov ntaub ntawv yog tias paub zoo lossis pom tseeb txog koj qhov kev tsis taus. Lub tsev kawm kuj tseem tsis txhob tseev kom koj kos npe rau cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm txhua yam uas muab kev nkag rau lawv mus rau tag nrho koj cov ntaub ntawv kho mob. Lub tsev kawm qhov kev thov txog xov xwm ntau ntxiv lossis cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog thiab hloov kho nqaim tuaj kom haum rau koj qhov kev thov. 

Yog tias koj tab tom thov txog kev hloov kho uas zoo sib xws li qhov koj tau muaj hauv K-12, nws yuav pab tau zoo txhawm rau nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev hloov kho ntawd rau koj lub tsev kawm. Tab sis, kom paub hais tias txoj cai lij choj tsis tseev kom cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm theem kawg kom cia li muab cov kev hloov pauv zoo tib yam nkaus uas koj tau muaj nyob rau hauv K-12. Vim tias kev kawm qib siab txawv deb ntawm tsev kawm theem pib thiab theem nrab, cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov tsev kawm theem kawg raug tso cai ua lawv tus kheej qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm koj qhov kev thov txog kev hloov kho. Txawm hais tias koj tau muaj ib qhov kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv K-12, lub tsev kawm qib siab lossis tsev kawm theem kawg yuav hais kom koj xa xov xwm ntxiv kom qhia tau hais tias qhov kev hloov kho yog qhov tsim nyog muaj.

Tom qab koj muab cov xov xwm uas lawv xav tau rau lub tsev kawm lawm, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum txiav txim siab nyob rau cov sijhawm uas tsim nyog. Tsuas muaj peb lub paus ntsis uas vim li cas lub tsev kawm tuaj yeem tsis kam muab qhov kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog:

1. Qhov kev hloov kho yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nyiaj txiag thiab pob nyiaj tshooj ntawm kev tswj hwm. Lub tsev kawm tuaj yeem tsis kam muab ib qhov kev hloov kho yog tias nws yuav kim dhau lossis yuav ua li ntawd nyuaj heev rau kev tswj hwm. Thaum txiav txim siab seb qhov kev muab kev hloov kho puas kim dhau, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum xav txog tag nrho cov kev pab uas muaj rau nws siv. Lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem tso nyiaj me me rau cov kev hloov kho thiab tsis kam siv lwm cov nyiaj muaj nyob hauv nws cov nyiaj npaj. Yog tias lub tsev kawm tsis kam muab ib qhov kev hloov kho twg vim tias nws yuav yog pob nyiaj tshooj, nws yuav tsum muaj lwm qhov kev hloov kho zoo sib npaug uas yuav ua tau raws li koj cov kev tsim nyog muaj.
2. Qhov kev hloov kho yuav hloov pauv qhov kev pabcuam, phiaj xwm pabcuam, lossis qhov dejnum ua si uas ib txwm muaj. Lub tsev kawm tsis tas yuav tsim cov kev hloov kho nws cov kev tseev kom muaj fab kev kawm yog tias cov kev tseev kom muaj tseem ceeb rau lub phiaj xwm pabcuam. Txawm hais tias ib qhov kev tseev kom muaj twg yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub phiaj xwm pabcuam yog qhov tseeb thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub tsev kawm xav kom txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum kawm chav kuaj kev tshawb fawb raws li kev kawm txhua yam tab sis nws qhov chaw kuaj mob tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum zam rau tus tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm qhov yuav tseev kom muaj. Tab sis yog tias tus tub ntxhais kawm tab tom kawm txog chemistry, cov chav kawm txog kev sim tshuaj yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kawm qib siab. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias nyob rau kis no, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum ua kom txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus nkag tau rau nws cov chav sim tshuaj; tsis li ntawd ces cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus yuav muaj hauv kev tsis sib npaug rau cov kev kawm uas lub tsev kawm tau muab.
3. Qhov kev hloov kho yuav tsim kev hem thawj ncaj nraim rau kev noj qab haus huv lossis kev nyab xeeb ntawm lwm tus. Lub tsev kawm tsis tas yuav muab kev hloov kho uas yuav phom sij rau lwm tus. Lub tsev kawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev phom sij yuav tsum yog nyob ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus kheej ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm thiab qhov kev hloov kho uas tau thov. Lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees muab kev hloov kho raws li cov qauv, kev xav tseg, lossis kev qhia dav dav txog ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis taus. Ua ntej lub tsev kawm tsis lees txais qhov kev thov txog kev hloov kho, nws yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev phom sij tuaj yeem raug txo nqis lossis raug tshem tawm nrog kev hloov kho ntxiv lossis lwm yam kev pabcuam lossis kev pab txhawb ntxiv/cov kev pabcuam. Yog tias qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm phom sij tuaj yeem txo tau, lub tsev kawm yuav tsum muab qhov kev hloov kho ntawd. Nco ntsoov hais tias qhov kev hem thawj ncaj qha tsuas yog siv rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm lwm tus, tsis yog tus tub ntxhais kawm uas thov txog qhov kev hloov kho ntawd. Hais ua lwm lo lus, lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem yuav tsis lees muab kev hloov kho vim qhov kev hloov kho yuav phom sij rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis taus uas tab tom tsim qhov kev thov. Txoj cai lij choj tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis taus txoj cai kom paub qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau lawv thiab txiav txim siab txog lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb.

Yog tias koj lub tsev kawm tsis kam lees koj qhov kev thov rau qhov kev hloov kho, lawv yuav tsum qhia txog lwm qhov kev hloov pauv uas lawv yuav txaus siab muab. Yog tias lwm qhov kev hloov kho siv tau zoo sib npaug rau koj, koj tuaj yeem lees txais qhov kev hloov kho thiab ua tiav cov txheej txheem sib fim. Yog tias lwm qhov kev hloov kho tsis zoo, koj yuav tsum piav qhia qhov ntawd rau lub tsev kawm thiab qhia kom ua lwm yam. Yog tias koj thiab lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev pom zoo txog kev hloov kho, koj yuav tsum tau ua cov kauj ruam los tswj koj cov cai.

III. Kev yuam koj cov cai

Yog tias koj thiab koj lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev pom zoo txog kev hloov kho, lub tsev kawm yuav tsis kam lees koj qhov kev thov. Koj tuaj yeem tawm tsam lub tsev kawm qhov kev tsis kam lees siv cov txheej txheem sab hauv (xws li ua ntawv tsis txaus siab) lossis cov txheej txheem sab nraud xws li ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog tsoomfwv lub koom haum lossis kev ua ntawv foob. Cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws uas coj los siv yuav nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab ntawm koj cov hom phiaj. Peb tham txog qhov zoo thiab qhov phem ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem hauv qab no.

Cov txheej txheem no tsis yog tsuas txhawm rau kev tsis lees txais cov kev thov txog kev hloov kho; koj tseem tuaj yeem siv lawv los lees paub koj cov cai yog tias koj lub tsev kawm ntxub cais koj rau lwm txoj kev.

Cov Txheej Txheem Sab Haud

Koj lub tsev kawm yuav tsum muaj cov cai thiab cov txheej txheem rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los tawm tsam cov kev nqis tes ua los ntawm lub tsev kawm. Cov cai tswj no feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm phau ntawv los yog muab tso rau ib qho chaw ntawm lub tsev kawm lub vev xaib. Yog tias koj nrhiav tsis tau txoj cai tswj, nug tus thawj coj saib xyuas txog ntawm cov xov xwm.

Yog lub tsev kawm tsis kam lees koj qhov kev thov txog kev hloov kho, koj muaj cai thov kom rov txiav txim dua. Lub tsev kawm yuav tsum qhia koj txog qhov yuav ua tau qhov ntawd li cas. Yog tias koj xav tias lub tsev kawm muaj kev ntxub ntxaug rau koj (uas xam muaj kev tsis kam muab kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog), koj tuaj yeem ua ntawv tsis txaus siab. Txhua lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem tsis txaus siab yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis feem ntau nws suav nrog kev xa tawmtting ib daim ntawv piav qhia txog vim li cas koj xav tias lub tsev kawm ntxub koj. Yog tias koj poob qhov kev tsis txaus siab, yuav tsum muaj txoj cai thov kom rov hais dua. Koj lub tsev kawm txoj cai tsis txaus siab yuav tsum piav qhia txog hnub kawg thiab cov txheej txheem los ua daim ntawv tsis txaus siab, lub sijhawm rau lub tsev kawm los txiav txim siab thiab txiav txim siab txog qhov kev tsis txaus siab, thiab yuav ua li cas rov hais dua yog tias koj tsis pom zoo rau lub tsev kawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kev tsis txaus siab.

Kev siv lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv feem ntau yog sai dua thiab pheej yig dua li kev foob. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov txheej txheem zoo siv thaum koj xav tau kev txiav txim siab sai thiab rau cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb me me uas tus kws lij choj yuav tsis kam ua ntawv foob txog. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab nruab nrab hauv cov txheej txheem sab hauv. Koj qhov kev tsis txaus siab yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm ib tus neeg hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab tus neeg ntawd yuav xav tias nws nyuaj rau sab nrog tsev kawm tsis yog nrog koj.

Cov Txheej Txheem Sab Nraud

Yog tias cov txheej txheem sab haud ua tsis tiav, lossis yog tias koj tsis xav siv koj lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv, koj tuaj yeem ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog tsoomfwv lossis kev foob hauv tsev hais plaub. Tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom txaus rau kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug hauv kev kawm qib siab. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem mus ncaj qha mus foob hauv tsev hais plaub yog tias koj xav tau; koj tsis tas yuav ua ntawv tsis txaus siab sab hauv lossis ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog tsoomfwv lub koomhaum ua ntej. 

Muaj peb lub koomhaum tseemfwv txawv tebchaws uas koj tuaj yeem sau ntawv tsis txaus siab: 

1. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Cai Pej Xeem hauv California (yav tas los yog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Vaj Tsev thiab Kev Ntiav Haujlwm Ncaj Ncees): Lub chaw haujlwm no yuav tshawb xyuas cov lus tsis txaus siab txog kev ntxub cais uas ua txhaum California txoj cai lij choj. Koj yuav tsum xa koj qhov kev tsis txaus siab tsis pub dhau 1 xyoo txij li thaum muaj kev ntxub ntxaug. Lub chaw haujlwm kuj tseem muaj kev pab kho kom haum xeeb los pab koj thiab koj lub tsev kawm kom ncav cuag qhov kev pom zoo yam tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas txog ntawm qhov kev tsis txaus siab. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txog lub koom haum cov txheej txheem tsis txaus siab ntawm lawv lub vev xaib: https://calcivilrights.ca.gov/
2. Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Lub Chaw Ua Haujlwm Txog Cov Cai Pej Xeem (OCR, U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights): Lub chaw haujlwm no tshawb xyuas cov lus tsis txaus siab uas tau foob rau cov tsev kawm pej xeem thiab cov tsev kawm uas tau txais tsoomfwv cov nyiaj. Hnub kawg ntawm kev xa ntawv tsis txaus siab rau OCR yog 180 hnub txij li hnub uas muaj kev ntxub ntxaug. Yog tias koj txiav txim siab siv koj lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem tsis txaus siab sab hauv ua ntej thiab cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm ntev dua 180 hnub kom tiav, koj tseem tuaj yeem ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog OCR yog tias koj ua ntawv tsis pub dhau 60 hnub txij thaum koj lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv xaus. OCR ua qhov kev zam no rau txoj cai 180-hnub vim lawv xav txhawb kom koj sim thiab daws teeb meem nrog koj lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab haud. Tab sis, koj tsis tas yuav siv koj lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv ua ntej. Koj tuaj yeem ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog OCR tam sim ntawd yog tias koj xav tau. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog OCR ntawm lawv lub vev xaib: http://ed.gov/ocr
3. Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees (DOJ, U.S. Department of Justice): DOJ tshawb xyuas cov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam cov tsev kawm ntiav uas tsis tau txais tsoomfwv cov nyiaj. Tsis muaj hnub kawg los sau ntawv tsis txaus siab rau DOJ, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los ua koj qhov kev tsis txaus siab sai dua li tom qab. Ntev npaum li koj tos, qhov nyuaj dua nws yuav nco ntsoov qhov tseeb tseem ceeb thiab taug qab cov neeg tim khawv. Nco ntsoov tias cov txheej txheem DOJ tuaj yeem qeeb heev vim tias lub koomhaum tau txais kev tsis txaus siab ntau. Qee zaum nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau xyoo rau DOJ kom ua tiav lawv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev foob DOJ tsis txaus siab ntawm lawv lub vev xaib: http://www.ada.gov/filing_complaint.htm.

Yog tias koj qhov kev tsis txaus siab rau ib lub koomhaum tseemfwv ua tsis tiav, koj tseem muaj cai foob hauv lub xeev lossis tsoomfwv lub tsev hais plaub. Tab sis, nco ntsoov tias lub tsev kawm tuaj yeem qhia rau lub tsev hais plaub txog koj qhov kev tsis txaus siab ua tsis tiav rau tsoomfwv, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus kws txiav txim lossis pawg txiav txim rau koj. Nco ntsoov tias koj tsis tas yuav ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog tsoomfwv lub koomhaum yog tias koj tsis xav tau; koj tuaj yeem mus ncaj qha mus foob yog tias koj xav ua.

Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem sab nraud (kev tsis txaus siab rau tsoomfwv lub koomhaum thiab kev foob hauv tsev hais plaub) txog cov txheej txheem sab hauv yog tias muaj tus txiav txim siab nruab nrab uas tsis koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem sab nraud yog tias lawv feem ntau siv sijhawm ntev dua lub tsev kawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv.

Lwm qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog yog tus nqi. Kev ua ntawv tsis txaus siab nrog tsoomfwv lub chaw haujlwm yog dawb, tab sis kev foob yuav kim heev. Yog tias koj xav ua ntawv foob, nco ntsoov nrog koj tus kws lij choj tham ua ntej txog seb koj thiab tus kws lij choj yuav daws cov nuj nqis li cas. Koj tus kws lij choj tuaj yeem pom zoo them tag nrho cov nqi ntawm kev hais plaub hauv kev pauv rau feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov nyiaj koj tau txais yog tias koj yeej rooj plaub. Tab sis yog tias koj poob, tej zaum koj yuav tau them tus kws lij choj tus nqi rau tus yeej.

Ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xav txog yog seb koj xav tau lossis xav tau kev sawv cev raws cai. Cov txheej txheem tsis txaus siab rau tsoomfwv cov koomhaum yog tsim los kom yooj yim txaus los ua yam tsis muaj kws lij choj. Yog tias koj tsis muaj tus kws lij choj thiab tsis nkag siab txog tus txheej txheem, lub chaw haujlwm yuav piav qhia koj yuav ua li cas (tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem muab tswv yim rau koj raws li txoj cai). Nrog rau kev foob, koj muaj txoj cai los sawv cev rau koj tus kheej, tab sis ua qhov ntawd yuav nyuaj heev. Kev hais plaub hauv tsev hais plaub yog qhov nyuaj thiab muaj ntau txoj cai. Yog tias koj ua yuam kev, tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug tsis zoo li yuav pab tau koj thiab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab (raug rau txim) rau koj ua txhaum txoj cai. Qhov ntawd tuaj yeem ua rau koj muaj feem yuav yeej qhov kev foob.

IV. Cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj los tiv thaiv koj cov cai

Thaum ua tiav lawm, cov txheej txheem thov thiab tau txais kev hloov kho tsim nyog los ntawm koj lub tsev kawm yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim thiab sib koom ua ke. Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau zaus cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab tawm tsam. Cov lus qhia no tuaj yeem pab koj tus kheej tawm tswv yim zoo dua thiab txhim kho koj txoj hauv kev ua tiav yog tias koj xav ua ntawv tsis txaus siab lossis tsis txaus siab tom qab.

Tsis txhob xav tias koj lub tsev kawm muaj kev paub txog kev tsis taus thiab kev nkag tau yooj yim.  Ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm xav tias cov thawj coj hauv tsev kawm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm yog cov kws paub txog kev xav tau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus. Hmoov tsis zoo, feem ntau tsis yog li ntawd. Txawm tias cov neeg ua haujlwm uas ua haujlwm hauv lub chaw pabcuam kev tsis taus kuj tsis paub txog koj qhov kev tsis taus lossis cov teeb meem kev nkag mus tau uas muaj nyob hauv tsev kawm. Npaj los piav qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog koj qhov kev tsis taus thiab yam koj xav tau kom ua tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv. 

Tshawb nrhiav cov kev hloov kho uas ua tau. Nws tsis yog qhov txawv txav rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis taus pom tau hais tias cov kev hloov kho uas ua haujlwm rau lawv hauv K-12 tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev kawm qib siab, lossis lawv xav tau kev hloov kho uas lawv tsis xav tau ua ntej. Kev kawm qib siab yog ib qho chaw sib txawv ntawm K-12, nrog rau kev cia siab thiab lub luag haujlwm sib txawv. Tsis txhob xav tias koj lub tsev kawm yuav qhia rau koj paub tias muaj kev hloov kho dab tsi. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias qhov kev hloov pauv twg los thov, koj yuav tau ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb. 

Koj lub chaw nyob ywj pheej hauv zos, Lub Chaw Hauv Cheeb Tsam, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob, thiab cov koom haum hauv zej zog tuaj yeem pab tau. Lwm qhov chaw pab uas zoo yog lub Network Kev Pab Ua Kom Yooj Yim Rau Haujlwm (JAN, Job Accommodation Network) ntawm askjan.org. Txawm hais tias JAN tsom mus rau kev ua haujlwm thiab chaw ua haujlwm, lawv lub vev xaib muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws txog kev pabcuam raws li tus neeg tsis taus. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw pab kom tau txais cov tswv yim txog kev hloov kho uas koj tsis tau xav txog ntawm koj tus kheej. Thaum kawg, xav txog kev koom nrog ib lub club lossis koom haum rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis taus. Cov pab pawg no tuaj yeem muab kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus los pab lawv ua tiav lawv cov hom phiaj kev kawm qib siab.

Tom qab xa daim ntawv thov kev hloov kho kom tsim nyog, thov kom ncua sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm koj tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav tau txais kev txiav txim siab los ntawm lub tsev kawm thiab ua raws. Txoj cai lij choj xav kom koj lub tsev kawm teb rau koj qhov kev thov raws li lub sijhawm tsim nyog, tab sis txoj cai tsis tau qhia tias lub sijhawm "tsim nyog" vim nws yuav nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Txhawm rau kom lub tsev kawm ua raws li koj qhov kev thov hauv lub sijhawm tsim nyog, nug thaum twg koj tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav tau txais cov lus teb. Yog tias koj tsis tau txais cov lus teb los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, ua raws li lub tsev kawm thiab thov kom hloov kho. Yog tias koj xav tau kev hloov kho los ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, nco ntsoov qhia rau lub tsev kawm tias thaum koj ua koj qhov kev thov thawj zaug. Txoj kev ntawd, lub tsev kawm tau ceeb toom tias koj qhov kev thov yog lub sijhawm. Yog tias koj lub tsev kawm tsis kam txiav txim siab txog koj qhov kev thov tom qab lub sijhawm ntev, nws tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog kev tsis pom zoo.

Khaws ib daim ntawv teev koj cov kev sib txuas lus nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Vam tias, koj lub tsev kawm yuav muab cov kev hloov kho uas koj xav tau los ua kom tiav koj cov hom phiaj kev kawm. Yog tias lawv tsis ua, koj yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev cai lij choj xws li ua ntawv tsis txaus siab lossis tsis txaus siab. Yog tias qhov ntawd tshwm sim, koj muaj txoj hauv kev zoo dua los ntawm kev yeej koj rooj plaub yog tias koj muaj ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Khaws cov ntawv luam qauv ntawm txhua cov foos, cov tsab ntawv, cov email, thiab lwm yam kev sib txuas lus uas koj muab rau lub tsev kawm. Yog tias koj muaj kev sib tham nrog tsev kawm, koj tuaj yeem thov kev tso cai los sau cov lus sib tham rau koj cov ntaub ntawv. Yog tias koj tsis raug tso cai sau lub rooj sib tham, koj tseem tuaj yeem sau ntawv lossis thov kom muaj tus neeg sau ntawv nrog koj. Yog tias koj muaj kev tsis taus uas cuam tshuam rau koj qhov kev cim xeeb, koj tuaj yeem thov kev tso cai sau lub rooj sib tham lossis muaj tus neeg sau ntawv nrog koj raws li kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog. Koj tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub rooj sib tham los ntawm kev xa email rov qab uas qhia txog koj qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib tham. Koj yuav tsum tau tsim ib lub sijhawm ntawm cov xwm txheej los ntawm kev khaws ib phau ntawv xov xwm lossis sau koj cov kev sib txuas lus nrog lub tsev kawm.

Npaj kom zoo los mus tawm tswv yim ntawm tus kheej. Qee lub tsev kawm tsis qhia lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm txog cov kev hloov kho thiab cov cai lij choj hais txog kev tsis taus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qee zaum cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsis lees txais cov kev thov txog kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog vim lawv ntseeg tias cov kev hloov kho yuav ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis taus ntawd tau txais qhov zoo tsis ncaj ncees. Lwm leej lwm tus ntseeg tias yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm twg tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho, ces nws yuav tsis tsim nyog nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawd lawm. Cov no tsis yog vim li cas ua raws cai lij choj txhawm rau tsis lees txais ib qhov kev thov twg. Qhov tseeb, cov cwj pwm no yog raws nraim li ADA lub hom phiaj los tawm tsam. Yog tias koj ntsib cov kev ntseeg no, tej zaum koj yuav tau qhia rau koj lub tsev kawm txog lawv txoj cai lij choj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus.  

Rov ntsuam xyuas koj cov kev hloov kho thiab cov kev tsim nyog muaj txog hauv kev yam xwm yeem. Nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm los txiav txim siab seb qhov kev hloov pauv twg ua tau zoo hauv kev kawm qib siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus tshiab lossis kev hloov pauv. Yog tias koj tau txais kev hloov kho thiab tom qab ntawd paub tias nws tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, ces koj tuaj yeem thov kev hloov kho ntxiv lossis kev kho kom haum rau koj qhov kev hloov kho. Lub tsev kawm tsis tuaj yeem txwv tus lej ntawm kev hloov kho uas koj tau txais lossis tiv thaiv koj ntawm kev thov yav tom ntej yog tias koj tsim nyog muaj kev hloov pauv.

Nco ntsoov tias koj tsis yog nyob ib leeg xwb yog tias koj ntsib kev ntxub cais. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias 23% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis taus muaj kev ntxub cais vim muaj kev tsis taus yam muaj tim khawv txaus.1 Koj lub tsev kawm yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau koj xav tias txhaum lossis qis dua vim xav tau kev hloov kho thiab  ib puag ncig kev kawm uas nkag tau. Koj muaj txoj cai rau kev kawm ib yam li lwm leej lwm tus. Tsis txhob ntshai nug txog yam uas koj tsim nyog muaj txhawm kom ua tiav koj cov hom phiaj nyob rau kev kawm qib siab.

V. Cov Chaw Pab

• Tsab Ntawv Phooj Ywg Koom Haujlwm Sib Hlub Raws Kev Koom Tes (Joint Dear Colleague Letter) tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm (Department of Education) thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees (Department of Justice) tuaj hais txog Kev Nkag Tau Rau Cov Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Hauv Online, Cov Tsev Kawm Theem Kawg, thiab Lwm Cov Chaw Kawm Tom Qab Tsev Kawm Theem Nrab (Lub Tsib Hlis tim 19, 2023):   https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/file/1584491/download   
• Lus Coj Qhia los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees (Department of Justice): Cov Kev Tseev Kom Muaj ntawm ADA: Kev Sib Txuas Lus Zoo:   https://www.ada.gov/resources/effective-communication/   
• Lus Coj Qhia los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Lub Chaw Ua Haujlwm Txog Cov Cai Pej Xeem: Cov Kev Pab Txhawb Ntxiv thiab Cov Kev Pabcuam rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Uas Muaj Kev Tsis Taus Uas Nyob Rau Kev Kawm Tom Qab Tsev Kawm Theem Nrab: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/auxaids.html 
  • En español: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/auxaids.pdf
• Tebchaws Meskas Kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm: Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Muaj Kev Tsis Taus uas Npaj rau Kev Kawm Tom Qab Tsev Kawm Theem Nrab: Paub Txog Koj Cov Cai thiab Cov Kev Feem Xyuam: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/transition.html 
• Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Network Hauv Tebchaws ntawm ADA: Cov Chaw Kawm Tom Qab Tsev Kawm Theem Nrab thiab Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Uas Muaj Kev Tsis Taus: https://adata.org/factsheet/postsecondary 
• Cov lus nug uas nquag nug (FAQ) ntawm lub Network Hauv Tebchaws ntawm ADA: Lub tsev kawm qib siab ntawm tsoom fwv lossis ntiag tug cov kev feem xyuam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj kev tsis taus yog muaj dab tsi? https://adata.org/faq/what-are-public-lossis-private-college-universitys-responsibilities-students-disabilities 
• Kev tshaj tawm ntawm DRC: Cov Kev Pabcuam Hloov Pauv rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm: https://www.disabilityrightsca.org/publications/transition-services-for-students
• Cov Ntaub Ntawv Hais Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tsis Taus Hauv Vaj Loog Tsev kawm: https://www.cedardatabase.org/solr-search/content?f%5B0%5D=state%3ACA     

 

Tsab Ntawv Piv Txwv txhawm rau Thov Txog Kev Hloov Kho Raws Qhov Tsim Nyog

[Hnub Tim]

Hawm txog [Npe Tsev Kawm Qib Siab lossis Tsev Kawm Theem Kawg]:

Kuv yog ib tug [tub ntxhais kawm/neeg tso npe thov] thiab kuv tab tom sau ntawv tuaj thov txog kev hloov kho raws qhov tsim nyog rau kuv qhov kev tsis taus. Vim kuv qhov kev tsis taus, kuv tsim nyog muaj: [Piav qhia txog qhov kev hloov kho uas koj tsim nyog muaj thiab piav qhia hais tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj tsim nyog muaj vim koj qhov kev tsis taus.] Cov kev hloov kho no tsim nyog rau kuv kom muaj hauv kev sib npaug rau [chav kawm, kev pabcuam, lossis phiaj xwm pabcuam] xws li kuv cov phooj ywg uas tsis muaj kev tsis taus.

[Piv txwv: Vim tias kuv qhov kev tsis taus tiv thaiv kuv rau kev sau ntawv nrawm thiab meej, kuv yuav tau ntaus txhua cov lus cim cia rau hauv kuv lub laptop. Kuv kuj tseem tsim nyog muaj ib lub cuab yeej sau ntawv cim cia kom ntseeg tau tias kuv tuaj yeem tuav tau txhua yam tseem ceeb los ntawm cov xibfwb hauv kuv cov chav kawm. Yog tias tsis muaj qhov kev hloov kho no, kuv yuav tsis tuaj yeem tuav tau cov xov xwm hauv kuv cov chav kawm. Kuv xav tau cov kev hloov kho no kom ntseeg tau tias kuv muaj cov ntawv cim cia zoo coj los kawm thiab ua tau zoo ntawm thaum xeem ntawv.]

Tuaj ua ke nov yog tsab ntawv los ntawm [kuv tus kws kho mob/kws kho mob hlwb/kws kho mob/tus neeg tuav ntaub ntawv zej zog/lwm tus neeg sab nraud] uas qhia tseeb txog kuv qhov kev tsim nyog muaj cov kev hloov kho no vim kuv qhov kev tsis taus.

Thov qhia rau kuv paub hais tias thaum twg kuv thiaj tuaj yeem npaj siab hais tias yuav tau txais kev txiav txim siab los ntawm koj. [Yog tias koj tsim nyog muaj cov kev hloov kho kom tsis pub dhau ib hnub twg, piav qhia qhov ntawd rau hauv tsab ntawv. Piv txwv: Kuv tsim nyog muaj cov kev hloov kho no nyob rau lub sijhawm uas cov chav kawm pib nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli tim 1.]

Nrog kev saib siab,

[Koj lub npe thiab xov xwm tiv tauj]

 

Tsab Ntawv Txhawb Nqa Piv Txwv

[Hnub Tim]

Hawm txog [Npe Tsev Kawm Qib Siab lossis Tsev Kawm Theem Kawg]:

Kuv yog [hais txog koj lub luag haujlwm thiab txhua daim ntawv tso cai lossis cov meej mom fab kev txawj txaus]. Kuv swm nrog [tus neeg tsis taus] thiab lawv qhov kev tsis taus. Lawv qhov kev tsis taus [piav seb lawv qhov kev tsis taus cuam tshuam li cas rau lawv cov kev tsim nyog muaj lossis qhov kev coj cwj pwm]. 

Vim lawv qhov kev tsis taus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau lawv txhawm rau [hais txog kev hloov kho]. Yog tsis muaj kev hloov kho, lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm [piav qhia hais tias qhov uas tsis muaj ntawm qhov kev hloov kho yuav cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lawv li cas].

Nrog kev saib siab,

[Npe, luag haujlwm, thiab cov xov xwm tiv tauj]

 

• 1. Wendy S. Harbour & Daniel Greenberg, “Kev Nyab Xeeb Hauv Vaj Loog Tsev Kawm thiab Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Uas Muaj Kev Tsis Taus,” Ntsiab Lus Luv Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm NCCSD 1(2) (2017): 6.